Jim Jordan says vaccine mandates are un-American. George Washington thought otherwise.
The act would be repeated by presidents and military leaders throughout U.S. history — including last month by the Defense Department — and a 1905 decision by the Supreme Court upheld mandatory vaccinations as American.
“Congressman Jordan is just wrong. There’s more than enough history to show we have a precedent for requiring vaccines that goes all the way to George Washington,” Julian E. Zelizer, a political historian at Princeton University, told The Washington Post. “This claim that it’s somehow un-American doesn’t match with the actual historical record. I don’t think there’s much of an argument here.”
A spokesman with Jordan’s office did not immediately return a request for comment Tuesday.
Jordan’s dismissal of vaccine mandates as un-American comes as the summer surge in covid-19 cases from the highly transmissible delta variant has generated a sharp rise in public fears and intensified the ongoing partisan debate surrounding vaccinations and masking.
A recent Washington Post-ABC News poll shows that while the increasing number of employer mandates may boost vaccinations, the potential for blowback remains high. About 7 in 10 unvaccinated workers who are not self-employed say they would probably quit if their employer required them to be vaccinated and did not grant a medical or religious exemption.Fewer than 2 in 10 American workers say their employer requires people who come to work to be vaccinated. Among workers whose employer lacks a mandate, about 3 in 10 are unvaccinated. Though roughly 8 in 10 Democrats support vaccine mandates for workers, more than 6 in 10 Republicans remain opposed, polling data shows.
In Ohio, Jordan’s home state is seeing a seven-day average of 6,022 new daily coronavirus cases, according to data compiled by The Washington Post. Nearly 3,300 people in the state are hospitalized with covid-19, as hospitalizations have increased by 16 percent since last week. Bruce Vanderhoff, director of the Ohio Department of Health, said in a news briefing last week that roughly 98 percent of those hospitalized with covid are unvaccinated, describing the situation in the state as a “hospital pandemic of the unvaccinated.”
Even though less than 49 percent of the state is fully vaccinated, Gov. Mike DeWine (R) has reiterated that Ohio will not have a vaccine mandate. Speaking at an August news conference, DeWine said vaccination is “an individual decision that people will have to make and government should not be involved in mandating it.”
Yet there is a long history of mandatory immunizations supported by American leaders. Benjamin Franklin supported inoculation against smallpox constantly in his Philadelphia newspaper. In his autobiography published posthumously, Franklin said he had “long regretted bitterly, and still regret” that he had chosen to wait to inoculate his 4-year-old son, Franky, who died of smallpox. John Adams and Martha Washington were also immunized against smallpox.
After seeing how the disease had ravaged American forces, George Washington instructed an army doctor in Philadelphia to begin administering “inoculation” — a controversial method of immunization in the 1700s in which patients developed mild cases of smallpox before being immune — to the soldiers.
“I have determined that the troops shall be inoculated,” Washington wrote in February 1777. “Necessity not only authorizes but seems to require the measure, for should the disorder infect the Army in the natural way and rage with its usual virulence we should have more to dread from it than from the Sword of the Enemy.”
The smallpox epidemic killed more than 100,000 people between 1775 and 1782. While the measure was not a popular one among soldiers, there is no evidence of mass refusal against immunization, according to the Library of Congress. The much safer vaccination method using cowpox — the word vaccine derives from the Latin word for “cow” — would not be developed until 1796.The issue surrounding mandatory vaccinations in the United States made its way to the Supreme Court in the early 1900s, when a smallpox vaccination law in Cambridge, Mass., was challenged by a man who refused to comply. Massachusetts had led the nation in passing vaccine law, but Henning Jacobson, a pastor, said his refusal to be vaccinated against smallpox was a personal decision.
In a February 1905 decision, the Supreme Court ruled 7 to 2 that public health could supersede individual rights. “[T]he liberty secured by the Constitution of the United States to every person within its jurisdiction does not import an absolute right in each person to be, at all times and in all circumstances, wholly free from restraint,” Justice John Marshall Harlan wrote for the majority. “There are manifold restraints to which every person is necessarily subject for the common good.”
The Supreme Court recently declined to take up a case challenging a vaccine mandate at Indiana University. Justice Amy Coney Barrett, who received the request because she is the Supreme Court justice tasked with emergency petitions from that region of the country, did not give a reason for why the high court won’t block the mandate.But the “partisan resistance to public health” that Jordan and many Republican leaders are raising amid the latest surge in cases is something the nation hasn’t encountered to this degree, Zelizer said.
“What we haven’t had is almost a party position that just flies in the face of public health experts who are not only saying this about the importance of the vaccine but also demonstrating it in the data,” he said to The Washington Post. “And these are big platforms [on which] Jordan and Republicans are expressing these views. That’s quite a combination and it’s why it’s been such a difficult challenge.”
Critics and liberals on social media noted George Washington’s efforts in response to Jordan, and the first president’s name trended on Twitter well into Tuesday. Some, like MSNBC producer Kyle Griffin, said Jordan “either doesn’t know his American history or is lying to score political points.”“There is nothing anti-American about a vaccine mandate,” tweeted Robert Reich, former secretary of the Labor Department during the Bill Clinton administration.
As The Washington Post’s Philip Bump wrote in his analysis, Jordan “broadly espousing the idea that mandated vaccinations are incompatible with the idea that America is predicated on individual freedom” gets a little gauzy when the country’s history of vaccinations is explored.
Zelizer said that while Jordan’s tweet might suggest individual liberty to be the only tradition in the United States, the public good, the foundation of public health policy, remains “just as strong of a tradition in this country and has been recognized in the courts again and again.”
“We need to make sure that tradition is important,” he said. “Certainly there’s a scenario where this resistance is stronger than what it should be for what is a rational decision. But that thirst for normality could at least make a dent in the Republican argument that Jordan and others are still holding on to.”
Gillian Brockell contributed to this report.
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