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KAKISTOCRACY (WIKIPEDIA, December 2, 2025))

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Kakistocracy

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Kakistocracy (/ˌkækɪˈstɒkrəsi/ KAK-ist-OK-rə-see) is government by the worst, least qualified, or most unscrupulous people.[1]: 54 [2][3]

The word was coined as early as the 17th century[4] and derives from two Greek words, kákistos (κάκιστος, 'worst') and krátos (κράτος, 'rule'), together meaning 'government by the worst people'.[5]

History

The earliest use of the word dates to the 17th century, in Paul Gosnold's A sermon preached at the publique fast the ninth day of Aug. 1644 at St. Maries, Oxford, before the honorable members of the two Houses of Parliament there assembled:[4]

Therefore we need not make any scruple of praying against such: against those Sanctimonious Incendiaries, who have fetched fire from heaven to set their Country in combustion, have pretended Religion to raise and maintaine a most wicked rebellion: against those Nero's, who have ripped up the wombe of the mother that bare them, and wounded the breasts that gave them sucke: against those Cannibal's who feed upon the flesh and are drunke with the bloud of their own brethren: against those Catiline's who seeke their private ends in the publicke disturbance, and have set the Kingdome on fire to rost their owne egges: against those tempests of the State, those restlesse spirits who can no longer live, then be stickling and medling; who are stung with a perpetuall itch of changing and innovating, transforming our old Hierarchy into a new Presbytery, and this againe into a newer Independency; and our well-temperd Monarchy into a mad kinde of Kakistocracy. Good Lord![6]

During the period of the French Revolution, the term was used by detractors of Robespierre's government; Abraham Gotthelf Kästner did it in 1800.[7] Italian author Vittorio Alfieri used the word "kakistocrazia" (kakistocracy) in 1797, as a sarcastic distortion of "aristocracy", to lament the end of the Republic of Venice invaded by Napoleon's army.[8]

English author Thomas Love Peacock used the term in his 1829 novel The Misfortunes of Elphin, in which he explains that kakistocracy represents the opposite of aristocracy, as aristos(ἄριστος) means "excellent" in Greek.[9] In his 1838 Memoir on Slavery (which he supported), U.S. Senator William Harper compared kakistocracy to anarchy, and said it had seldom occurred:[10]

Anarchy is not so much the absence of government as the government of the worst—not aristocracy but kakistocracy—a state of things, which to the honor of our nature, has seldom obtained amongst men, and which perhaps was only fully exemplified during the worst times of the French revolution, when that horrid hell burnt with its most horrid flame. In such a state of things, to be accused is to be condemned—to protect the innocent is to be guilty; and what perhaps is the worst effect, even men of better nature, to whom their own deeds are abhorrent, are goaded by terror to be forward and emulous in deeds of guilt and violence.

American poet James Russell Lowell used the term in 1876, in a letter to Joel Benton, writing, "What fills me with doubt and dismay is the degradation of the moral tone. Is it or is it not a result of Democracy? Is ours a 'government of the people by the people for the people,' or a Kakistocracy rather, for the benefit of knaves at the cost of fools?"[11]

Usage

The term is generally used by critics of a national government. It has been used variously in the past to describe the Russian governments of Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin,[12] the government of Egypt under Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi,[13] governments in sub-Saharan Africa,[14] the government of the Philippines under Rodrigo Duterte,[15] Brazil under Jair Bolsonaro,[16] and the governments of some presidents of the United States.[17]

The term gained popularity during the first presidency of Donald Trump, going viral in 2017 when used by then-MSNBC host Joy Reid and again following an April 2018 tweet by former CIA director John Brennan.[4][18] The term has been used by commentators at numerous news outlets,[19][20][21] political publications,[22][23] and books to describe the Trump administration.[24][25]

In late 2024, Chicago mayor Brandon Johnson's administration was described as a kakistocracy in National Review.[26]

The term was named word of the year by The Economist in 2024.[27]

See also

  • Kleptocracy – government by corrupt leaders who use political power to steal the wealth of the people
  • Oligarchy – government in which power rests with a small number of people
  • Ochlocracy – oppressive majoritarian form of government (mob rule)
  • Plutocracy – a society that is ruled or controlled by people of great wealth or income
  • Political ponerology – government theory to explain aggressive war, ethnic cleansing, genocide, and despotism

References

  1.  Bowler, Peter (1985). The superior person's book of words (1 ed.). Boston: David R. Godine. ISBN 0-87923-556-X. OCLC 11757334.
  2.  Fiske, Robert Hartwell (2011). The Best Words. Marion Street Press. ISBN 9781933338828. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  3.  Bowler, Peter (2017). The Completely Superior Person's Book of Words. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. ISBN 978-1-4088-8595-6. OCLC 1021803310.
  4.  "Trending: When Government Is Just The Worst". Merriam Webster. 29 June 2017. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2017.
  5.  Evans, Rod L (2011). Thingamajigs and Whatchamacallits: Unfamiliar Terms for Familiar Things. Penguin. p. 87. ISBN 9781101515921. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  6.  Gosnold, Paul (1644). "A sermon preached at the publique fast the ninth day of Aug. 1644 at St. Maries, Oxford, before the honorable members of the two Houses of Parliament there assembled by Paul Gosnold ... ; and published by authority". University of Oxford Text Archive. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  7.  Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, Sinngedichte und Einfälle. Erste Sammlung, Frankfurt-Leipzig, 1800, p. 82.
  8.  Vittorio Alfieri, Opere postume, XI, London (really Firenze), 1804, p. 93
  9.  "Kakistocracy". Dictionary.com.
  10.  Harper, William (1838). Memoir on Slavery: Read Before the Society for the Advancement of Learning, of South Carolina, at its annual meeting at Columbia, 1837. J. S. Burges. p. 49. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  11.  Scudder, Horace (1901). James Russell Lowell, A Biography. Riverside Press, Cambridge, Mass. pp. 193–196. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  12.  Abadjian, Vahram (July 2010). "Kakistocracy or the true story of what happened in the post-Soviet area". Journal of Eurasian Studies. 1 (2): 153–163. doi:10.1016/j.euras.2010.04.009. S2CID 153850742 – via Science Direct.
  13.  Ali, Amro (12 November 2016). "Kakistocracy: a word we need to revive". openDemocracy.
  14.  Okafor, Collins; Smith, L. Murphy; Ujah, Nacasius U. (29 July 2014). "Kleptocracy, nepotism, kakistocracy: impact of corruption in Sub-Saharan African countries". International Journal of Economics and Accounting. 5 (2): 97. doi:10.1504/IJEA.2014.063736 – via Inderscience Publishers.
  15.  "We're no longer a democracy. Are we now a kakistocracy?". manilatimes.net. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  16.  Costa-Pereira, Raul (2021). "Letter from Brazil: Teaching and Mentoring in a Sadder Nation". The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 102 (4) e01927. Bibcode:2021BuESA.102E1927C. doi:10.1002/bes2.1927. ISSN 0012-9623.
  17.  Spicer, André (18 April 2018). "Donald Trump's 'kakistocracy' is not the first, but it's revived an old word". The Guardian.
  18.  Selk, Avi (13 April 2018). "Kakistocracy, a 374-year-old word that means 'government by the worst,' just broke the dictionary". The Washington Post. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  19.  Lizza, Ryan (16 November 2016). "Donald Trump's First, Alarming Week as President-Elect". The New Yorker. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  20.  Krugman, Paul (16 January 2017). "With All Due Disrespect". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2017.
  21.  Marsden, Harriet (17 November 2016). "Kakistocracy may just be the perfect word to describe the Trump government". The Independent. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  22.  Ornstein, Norm (9 October 2017). "There's a Word for the State of American Democracy: Kakistocracy". The Atlantic. Retrieved 6 December 2017.
  23.  McClennen, Sophia A. (17 December 2016). "Degeneration nation: It takes a village of idiots to raise a kakistocracy like Donald Trump's". Salon. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  24.  Gessen, Masha (2020). Surviving Autocracy. New York: Riverhead Books. p. 28. ISBN 978-0593188934.
  25.  Moore, Marshall (2019). "An end to monstrosity: horror, queer representation, and the Trump kakistocracy". In McCollum, Victoria (ed.). Make America Hate Again: Trump-Era Horror and the Politics of Fear. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138498280.
  26.  "Further Excrescences from Brandon Johnson's Chicago Kakistocracy". National Review. 27 November 2024. Retrieved 19 February 2025.
  27.  "The Economist's word of the year for 2024". The Economist. Retrieved 8 December 2024.


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