JEA's former CEO was sentenced to four years in federal prison. Now, corrupt NEXTERA ENERGY, its executives and FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT a/ka "FLORIDA POWER AND LOOT" will face a trial for securities fraud. Read the unanimous November 26, 2026 decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit:
FOR PUBLICATION
In the
United States Court of Appeals
For the Eleventh Circuit
____________________
No. 24-13372
Non-Argument Calendar
____________________
MAHA JASTRAM,
individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated,
Plaintiff,
CITY OF HOLLYWOOD POLICE OFFICERS’ RETIREMENT
SYSTEM AND THE
PEMBROKE PINES FIREFIGHTERS AND POLICE OFFICERS’
PENSION FUND,
Lead-Plaintiff,
a.k.a. the Retirement Funds,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
NEXTERA ENERGY, INC.,
JAMES ROBO,
ERIC SILAGY,
DAVID P. REUTER,
FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY,USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 2 of 38
2 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
Defendants-Appellees.
____________________
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
D.C. Docket No. 9:23-cv-80833-AMC
____________________
Before BRANCH, KIDD, and TJOFLAT, Circuit Judges.
TJOFLAT, Circuit Judge:
I. INTRODUCTION
Investors sued NextEra Energy, Inc. (“NextEra”), claiming
the company materially misrepresented its involvement in a Flor-
ida election-interference scheme. The scheme was allegedly or-
chestrated by NextEra’s main subsidiary Florida Power & Light
Company (“FPL”) and FPL’s CEO, Eric Silagy. The complaint has
it all: corporate malfeasance, bribery, off-the-books recordkeeping,
surveilling journalists, creating ‘ghost’ candidates, corrupting inde-
pendent media outlets, and a failed acquisition that spiraled into
two federal indictments.
When reporters began to uncover traces of the alleged con-
spiracy, NextEra and FPL executives were quick to put the claims
to rest. They denied all direct and indirect involvement to the press
and asserted the allegations had “no basis.” NextEra relayed that
same message to investors on an earnings call. But after some time,
leadership began to backpedal. On January 25, 2023, FPL abruptly
parted with its CEO and NextEra filed unscheduled disclosures
about potential legal and reputational risk stemming from theUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 3 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 3
allegations. That very day, NextEra’s stock plunged 8.7 percent,
wiping out more than $14 billion in market capitalization.
Plaintiffs allege that NextEra executives knowingly lied to
investors. They sued NextEra in the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida. The District Court dismissed
the complaint with prejudice, holding that plaintiffs failed to ade-
quately plead loss causation. We disagree. For the following rea-
sons, we reverse.
II. BACKGROUND
On May 26, 2023, Maha Jastram, individually and on behalf
of similarly situated investors, filed a complaint accusing defend-
ants NextEra, James Robo, Eric Silagy, and David Reuter of securi-
ties fraud. Specifically, the complaint alleged violations of Section
10(b) and Section 20(a)1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the
“Exchange Act”). The complaint has been amended twice and now
includes defendant FPL. On October 26, 2023, the District Court
granted a motion to appoint the City of Hollywood Police Officers
Retirement System and the Pembroke Pines Firefighters & Police
Officers Pension Fund (the “Retirement Funds”) as lead plaintiffs.
1 Section 20(a) establishes liability for “[e]very person who, directly or indi-
rectly, controls” a person or entity that is liable under another provision of the
Exchange Act. 15 U.S.C. § 78t(a). A claim under § 20(a), then, cannot stand on
its own. See id. Because the District Court dismissed the predicate § 10(b)
claim, it had no need to examine the § 20(a) claim. On remand, we direct the
court to evaluate the merits of the Retirement Fund’s § 20(a) claim consistent
with this Opinion.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 4 of 38
4 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
We begin with a discussion of the parties and the allegations made
in the second amended complaint.
Defendant-Appellee NextEra is one of the largest power and
utility holding companies in North America, with annual revenues
exceeding $17 billion. Its stock is publicly traded and is listed on the
New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NEE.” James Robo
was NextEra’s CEO from 2012 until 2022. David Reuter has served
as NextEra’s Vice President and Chief Communications Officer
since 2018. FPL, a wholly owned subsidiary of NextEra, is the larg-
est public utility in the State of Florida. Eric Silagy was FPL’s CEO
from 2014 until his sudden departure in 2023, the cause of which is
disputed by the parties.
Lead-Plaintiff-Appellant Retirement Funds are each munici-
pal pension funds, which exist to manage assets and administer re-
tirement, death, and disability benefits for local government em-
ployees. Put together, the Retirement Funds manage over $1 bil-
lion in assets in trust for eligible beneficiaries. In this case, the ben-
eficiaries are police officers, firefighters, and their covered family
members. Each fund has provided certifications that they pur-
chased and held NextEra stock throughout the period of Appellees’
alleged securities fraud.
The Retirement Funds’ second amended complaint alleges
fraud on top of fraud. The first layer is Appellees’ alleged scheme
to sway state and local elections, target government officials, and
intimidate journalists. The second layer regards Appellees’ categor-
ical denial of the underlying political scheme, which allegedlyUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 5 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 5
misled investors. Whether NextEra, FPL or their employees vio-
lated election or other law is not the basis of this case; we focus on
the alleged securities fraud. But, of course, the Retirement Funds
must ultimately demonstrate that Appellees’ denial of the election
scheme was knowingly fraudulent.
A. Political Meddling Allegations
The story alleged in the complaint proceeds as follows.2 In
December 2020, Jeff Pitts, long-time CEO of political consulting
firm Matrix LLC (“Matrix”), departed Matrix to form his own firm.
But Pitts left something behind. Matrix employees found a server
that was bashed in by a hammer, in an apparent attempt to destroy
its contents. Pitts, though, was no demolition expert. His old firm
managed to access the server, where it uncovered personal files, a
separate “set of books,” and a “whole lot of money going into LLCs
and disappearing,
” which were used to perpetrate various political
campaign schemes.
Pitts, while at Matrix, provided political strategic advice to
NextEra and FPL. He had a close relationship with FPL CEO Eric
Silagy. And according to Matrix founder Dr. Joseph Perkins, the
contents of Pitts’ server heavily implicated both NextEra and FPL
in Pitts’ political campaign schemes. Many of the server documents
were leaked to the press. Dr. Perkins did not state whether he was
the source of the leak, but he verified the records’ legitimacy
2 We emphasize that all facts recited in this Opinion are allegations that have
not yet been subjected to evidentiary scrutiny or considered by any finder of
fact.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 6 of 38
6 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
multiple times. Dr. Perkins now regards Pitts as a “rogue em-
ployee” and has sued him in Alabama court.
The server files, possessed by lead counsel for the Retire-
ment Funds, are the source of numerous facts alleged in the com-
plaint, like the ghost candidate scheme. The other key source is a
memorandum entitled “Florida Power & Light Officers’ Poten-
tially Unlawful Conduct Through Third-Party Consultants and
Vendors – Confidential,
” allegedly sent to Robo on November 3,
2021 (“the Robo Memorandum”). The Robo Memorandum in-
cludes Matrix’ internal investigation and details FPL’s scheme to
“secretly divert corporate resources to off-the-books communica-
tions and political campaigns.”
1. Failed JEA Acquisition
The Jacksonville Electric Authority (“JEA”) is a not-for-
profit, community-owned utility and an independent agency of the
City of Jacksonville. It is governed by a seven-member board ap-
pointed by Jacksonville’s Mayor and confirmed by the City Coun-
cil. FPL, a for-profit subsidiary of NextEra, is Florida’s largest utility
and its service area encircles Jacksonville. JEA has been described
as the “hole in FPL’s donut.”
In 2017, JEA began internal discussions of going private. By
2019, JEA issued an “Invitation to Negotiate” and began soliciting
competitive bids. Perhaps unsurprisingly, FPL’s bid came in high-
est at $11 billion. By law, JEA’s privatization would require ap-
proval not only from its Board, but also from the Jacksonville City
Council and a majority of city voters in a special referendum.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 7 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 7
Recognizing these political hurdles, FPL and Silagy turned to Ma-
trix for help.
According to the Retirement Funds, Matrix began by orches-
trating hundreds of thousands in payments from FPL, via obscure
entities, to a new organization entitled “Fix JEA Now.” Fix JEA
Now was established by Reverend Deves Toon. In 2019, Toon ex-
tended Jacksonville City Councilor Garret Dennis a unique em-
ployment opportunity. The offer was to work for “Grow United,”
an organization purportedly designed to advocate for the decrimi-
nalization of marijuana. It included a $180,000 annual salary and a
$50,000 travel budget.
Acceptance was expressly conditioned on Dennis, a
“staunch opponent of privatizing JEA,” resigning from the City
Council. Feeling optimistic, Toon once texted Pitts:
“Dennis is will-
ing to resign from the city Council call me.” Dennis, though, never
accepted the offer. According to Dennis, he recognized the offer
was suspicious and quickly dismissed it as a scam.
The complaint alleges that Grow United was actually a front
group controlled by Matrix and funded by FPL through Fix JEA
Now. It explains that Matrix organized and incorporated the entity,
and FPL was invoiced for all expenses. The Robo Memorandum
describes Grow United as “a vehicle for covert financial transac-
tions, including an attempted bribe of a public official.” It explains
its “dual purpose” as “creating an entity for political contributions
and also an opening to allow Garrett Dennis . . . to leave the City
Council.” Shortly after the offer was made, FPL Vice President ofUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 8 of 38
8 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
State Legislative Affairs Daniel Martell emailed Pitts with a list of
“things to go over.” The first item on the list was “JEA – DG,”
which is a reversal of Councilor Garret Dennis’ initials.
Matrix also allegedly worked to surveil journalists opposing
the FPL takeover of JEA. The Robo Memorandum shows thou-
sands of dollars in payments made by Matrix to Clear Capture In-
vestigations, a private investigation firm. One journalist, Nate
Monroe, wrote a column criticizing the potential deal as a “hard
sell” and likely to result in layoffs and cost cutting. Shortly thereaf-
ter, Matrix sent FPL a 72-page report containing Monroe’s social
security number, financial information, political affiliations,
driver’s license number, and the names and phone numbers of his
relatives and neighbors. They also surveilled Monroe in public
while he was on a trip to Pensacola. A Matrix operative expressed
excitement when Monroe was apparently drinking alcohol, but
later texted Martell: “He’s in an Uber .
” The Robo Memorandum
includes a photograph of Monroe, his girlfriend, and his dog out-
side of his apartment.
Despite Appellees’ best efforts, the JEA acquisition failed.
The process became fatally entangled in JEA’s own scandal,
whereby JEA executives allegedly misled their board into executing
agreements that would net themselves millions of dollars in a JEA
privatization event. The United States Department of Justice
(“DOJ”) criminally indicted JEA’s CEO and CFO for conspiracy and
wire fraud. NextEra was subpoenaed by both the DOJ and the Jack-
sonville City Council. In their response to the City Council,USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 9 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 9
NextEra omitted Matrix on a list of firms that lobbied on its behalf
in connection with the failed merger.
2. Ghost Candidate Scheme
The complaint next describes Matrix and FPL’s significant
interest in Florida state elections during the 2018 and 2020 cycles.
According to the Retirement Funds, FPL orchestrated a conspiracy
to prop up “ghost candidates” to derail the electoral prospects of
candidates deemed adverse to FPL and its business interests.
In 2018, FPL allegedly funneled more than $14 million into
“Mothers for Moderation,” a tax-exempt 501(c)(4) entity. Mothers
for Moderation communicated with FPL through Silagy’s personal
email account. According to the Robo Memorandum, the primary
purpose of the nonprofit was to mask contributions from FPL.
Emails show Silagy asked Pitts to ensure contributions could not
be “triangulate[d]” back to FPL.
Mothers for Moderation funded attack ads against Kayser
Enneking in an unsuccessful attempt to thwart her primary bid for
Florida State Senate. The day after Enneking won her primary bid,
Pitts allegedly formed a new 501(c)(4) entitled “Broken Promises”
to oppose her in the general election. In a discussion regarding the
structure of the new organization, Pitts allegedly texted Martell:
“Bottom line is We are the one with the check books and control
100percent [sic].” Martell responded, “This text is self-destructing
in 30 seconds.”
Using funds from FPL, Broken Promises allegedly contrib-
uted more than $100,000 to the political action committeeUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 10 of 38
10 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
supporting Charles Goston. The Retirement Funds describe
Goston as a “no-party straw candidate . . . who had entered the race
in the hopes of splitting Enneking’s base.” The complaint alleges
that more than seventy percent of Broken Promises’ spending sup-
ported Goston’s campaign, which violates IRS guidelines on polit-
ical spending by lobbying organizations. Moreover, the Retirement
Funds allege that Broken Promises’ 2018 IRS filing fraudulently
stated that it did not engage in any direct or indirect political cam-
paigning. The complaint points to various Florida and federal elec-
tion laws that the donations may have violated. Enneking lost her
election by fewer than 2,000 votes, while Goston secured 4,319
votes.
A parallel scheme is alleged to have taken place in the 2018
Miami-Dade County Commission election. When an FLP-
disfavored candidate won her primary, Pitts allegedly ‘encouraged’
Johnathan Burke, an obscure candidate with a criminal record, to
run for the same seat. Retirement Funds allege FPL, using an Ala-
bama corporation, illegally funded a $60,000 salary for Burke along
with the full cost of his rent. They also arranged for him to move
into the district to make him eligible to run. Burke garnered seven-
teen percent of the vote in the general election. After the election,
Burke allegedly texted Pitts, “Friday March 1st marks the conclu-
sion of our agreement and will be the last time I have to bug you
about funds, unless further work is agreed upon.” (emphasis
added).USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 11 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 11
Again, in 2020, the Retirement Funds allege FPL engaged
Matrix to run a series of ghost candidates to siphon support from
candidates they viewed as unfavorable. The details follow a similar
pattern as the 2018 schemes, except the complaint suggests the
straw candidates were even less plausible this time. In District 9, an
FPL-backed non-profit sent mailers promoting Jestine Iannotti for
Florida State Senate. The mailers depicted a Black woman support-
ing social justice and (amusingly) campaign finance reform. In re-
ality, Iannotti was “Caucasian and at the time was planning to
move to Sweden.” The political committee responsible for the
mailing, “The Truth,” was ‘chaired’ by a college student who was
allegedly paid $1,500 to sign the registration form.
FPL was particularly focused on the District 37 race, where
incumbent Javier Rodriguez was running for reelection. Rodriguez
had opposed FPL’s plans to expand a nuclear power plant. He also
supported a proposal that “would allow ‘property owners to sell
home-generated solar power to others, including tenants,’ without
being regulated like a traditional ‘public utility.’” When Reuter in-
formed Silagy of the proposed bill, Silagy forwarded the message
to Martell and FPL’s legislative affairs team with the following mes-
sage: “JJR at it again. I want you to make his life a living hell….se-
riously.” (emphasis omitted). The complaint alleges that an FPL-
backed group offered Alex Rodriguez—a man chosen for having
the same last name as the incumbent—$50,000 to enter the race. In
each of the three 2020 elections where Appellees allegedly backed
ghost candidates, FPL’s preferred candidate won. In District 37,USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 12 of 38
12 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
Javier Rodriguez was ousted by 32 votes. Alex Rodriguez received
over 6,000 votes.
FPL’s 2020 funding was allegedly routed through Grow
United and a web of intermediary shells in an intentional effort to
obfuscate the funding source. The Retirement Funds claim at least
$600,000 in Grow United was earmarked for the ghost candidates’
political action committees. The funds were routed directly from
FPL to Matrix-created entities and were not submitted to Matrix’
bookkeepers.
One of Pitts’ associates flagged a POLITICO article describing
a mystery donor spending $180,000 on Florida political mail. The
article noted that the phone number listed by the donating entity
“also appeared in online advertising for female escorts.” The recip-
ient, who allegedly organized the entity for Matrix, responded to
Pitts and his associates: “there was no way to know this was an
escorts number. That’s a random thing they assign AA on the app
. . . . I think it’s hilarious and just makes them more confused.”
After the election, some problems emerged. Alex Rodri-
guez, the District 37 ghost candidate, pled guilty for accepting a
bribe to run for election. He received three years of probation in
exchange for investigative cooperation. Iannotti, the would-be
Sweden expat, was charged with a felony for accepting illicit con-
tributions. The Miami-Dade State Attorney’s office subpoenaed
billing records from lawyers at Foley & Lardner, who allegedly as-
sisted Matrix and FPL in the scheme. And at the federal level, a
public watchdog organization filed a complaint with the FederalUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 13 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 13
Election Commission (“FEC”), asking the agency to investigate the
source and legality of several FPL-affiliated shells.
3. Media Control
The final category of election-related allegations pertains to
FPL and Silagy’s alleged co-optation of ‘independent’
news sources
to control media narratives and sway public opinion. The Capitolist
is a Florida news website focusing on “Florida business, policy and
politics.” It was founded in 2016 by its Editor-in-Chief, Brian Bur-
gess. Beginning in 2018, FPL allegedly began funneling tens of
thousands of dollars into The Capitolist through “Metis Group,” a
Matrix-created entity. In November 2018, an FPL executive alleg-
edly asked The Capitolist to publish an article criticizing a Florida
gubernatorial candidate. After the article was published, Martell di-
rected The Capitolist to “Promote the @&;$&!!! Out of [it].”
Over time, FPL through Matrix allegedly sought more con-
trol over The Capitolist. The Retirement Funds allege that in Sep-
tember 2019, Metis Group executed an agreement to secure a pur-
chase option for The Capitolist. The deal was $50,000 in exchange
for “executive control” of the news organization, a one percent
ownership stake, and an option to purchase a controlling share for
an additional $145,000. The complaint describes granular conver-
sations between Silagy and The Capitolist about acceptable content.
In one case, Silagy allegedly asked Burgess to write a piece criticiz-
ing another news outlet which had published content critical of
FPL, and Burgess obliged.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 14 of 38
14 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
The Retirement Funds claim that FPL appointed its own for-
mer executive to oversee The Capitolist, at which point the web-
site’s focus on energy-related topics more than doubled. In August
2020, The Capitolist published a story entitled “How politics cost
Jacksonville 11 billion dollars,” characterizing the unsuccessful ac-
quisition as a political and managerial failure for Jacksonville. Bur-
gess offered to run the piece by Silagy before publication but was
given the go-ahead by Matrix. The complaint also alleges that Bur-
gess and Pitts emailed Silagy on his private account to suggest they
purchase additional news outlets “stealthily” in order to “inject
content” and mask “who’s actually pulling the strings.”
B. Appellees’ Public and Investor-Facing Denials
So far, we have discussed the Retirement Funds’ allegations
that Appellees coordinated with political strategists to influence
state and local elections. But here, the Retirement Funds allege se-
curities fraud, which means they must show that investors were
lied to or defrauded. In this regard, they argue that Appellees know-
ingly misled investors about NextEra’s involvement in the election
scheme and substantially downplayed the potential legal and repu-
tational consequences to the company. The Retirement Funds
identify several statements made by FPL and NextEra executives
that form the basis of this claim.
On December 2, 2021, the Orlando Sentinel published an ar-
ticle entitled “Florida Power & Light Execs Worked Closely with
Consultants Behind ‘Ghost’ Candidate Scheme, Records Reveal.”
The article detailed various aspects of the 2020 ghost candidateUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 15 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 15
scheme and connected it to FPL. After the article was released,
Reuter, Robo, and Silagy made a series of public denials. According
to the Retirement Funds, these denials were both knowingly false
and materially misleading.
1. Reuter’s Repudiation
Acting as NextEra’s Chief Communications Officer, Reuter
gave his firm’s initial response. He completely denied FPL’s in-
volvement in the ghost candidate scheme and distanced FPL from
Grow United:
Neither FPL nor our employees provided funding, or
asked any third party to provide funding on its behalf,
to Grow United in support of Florida state-level polit-
ical campaigns during the 2020 election cycle. Any re-
port or suggestion that we had involvement in, financially
supported or directed others to support any ‘ghost’ candi-
dates during the 2020 election cycle is patently false, and
we have found absolutely no evidence of any legal
wrongdoing by FPL or its employees.
(emphasis added). He also stated that “FPL had no involvement in
the creation of Grow United,” and that Matrix had another client
in Denver who was advocating nationally for the legalization of
marijuana. (emphasis omitted). He explained, “Neither FPL nor
Eric Silagy requested Matrix to set up any proposed funding struc-
ture for 501(c)(4) organizations and we had no knowledge of this
structure being used by Matrix.” (emphasis omitted).
As part of its investigation, the Sentinel obtained a copy of
two memos directed to Silagy: A legal memo from Foley &USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 16 of 38
16 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
Lardner and a funding memo drafted by Pitts, each of which con-
ceived of a structure for FPL’s political spending during the 2020
election cycle. The funding memo included a structure chart de-
signed to “[m]inimize all public reporting of entities and activities.
”
When specifically asked about the memos, Reuter denied their use.
He replied, “we have found no evidence that our employees used
[such] proposal to support our communication and outreach activ-
ities during the 2020 election cycle.”
Reuter then denied FPL’s involvement in the job offer ex-
tended to Jacksonville City Councilor Garret Davis. He stated, “In
July 2019, a Matrix representative . . . approached FPL about a plan
to offer Garrett Dennis a job working to decriminalize marijuana.
FPL flatly rejected the plan and communicated our lack of interest
to Joe Perkins’ team.” (emphasis omitted).
The Retirement Funds claim each of Reuter’s statements
was false. They allege that Grow United was exclusively funded by
FPL with the express purpose of displacing Councilor Davis. The
Retirement Funds claim that Silagy and other FPL personnel di-
rected Matrix’ creation of numerous 501(c)(4) entities and other
shells. And, of course, the complaint includes extensive allegations
about FPL’s involvement in the ghost candidate scheme, which
Reuter unconditionally denied.
Moreover, the Retirement Funds claim that Reuter knew he
was lying. They allege that FPL was in possession of the Robo
Memorandum for which Reuter himself acknowledged receipt.
The Robo Memorandum allegedly includes bank statements,USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 17 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 17
communications, and invoices detailing FPL’s orchestration of the
ghost candidate scheme, involvement in Grow United, and di-
rective to illicitly funnel campaign contributions. And according to
the Retirement Funds, the flow of payments aligns with the struc-
ture chart presented to Silagy.
2. Executives Double Down
Next, On January 25, 2022, Robo made the following state-
ment to investors:
I think on some of the Florida political headlines, I
think what I’d like to say on that is pretty simple.
When we got -- when we received the report and
those allegations that have been in the press, we con-
ducted a very extensive and thorough investigation
that included looking at company financial records. It
included looking at everyone who was named in its
company e-mails, also looking at their—they’ve all
provided access to their personal e-mails and text to
us as part of that investigation. And the bottom line is
we found no evidence of any issues at all, any illegality or
any wrongdoing on the part of FPL or any of its employees.
And so that’s kind of the bottom line. And I feel very good
about the investigation that we did, and I feel very good
that there is no basis to any of these allegations . . . .
(emphasis added and omitted). The Retirement funds claim this
statement was misleading because the Robo Memorandum, sent
directly to Robo by FedEx, provided 155 pages of exhibits demon-
strating a strong basis of improper and potentially incriminating be-
havior.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 18 of 38
18 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
In a June 2022 interview, Silagy was asked by journalist Nate
Monroe—the same Nate Monroe FPL allegedly surveilled—
whether FPL engaged in the monitoring of journalists. Silagy re-
plied: “We did not engage in any activities having to do with fol-
lowing people like you, Nate, or taking pictures.” (emphasis omit-
ted). When presented with emails and text messages from the al-
leged surveillance effort that same day, Reuter stated that the rec-
ords did not demonstrate the “veracity” of the claims. The Retire-
ment Funds assert that Silagy’s response to Monroe was knowingly
false because FPL funded the private investigator, and both Matrix
and FPL received real-time updates on the Monroe surveillance op-
eration.
Finally, a spokesperson for FPL denied the firm’s apparent
control over The Capitolist. The spokesperson stated “FPL does not
have an ownership interest in the Capitolist – either directly or
indirectly . . . We also do not have editorial control over what the
Capitolist writes or publishes.” The Retirement Funds allege that
this statement was knowingly false because documents obtained
by lead counsel demonstrate that FPL provided funding to, had an
ownership interest in, and exerted editorial discretion over The
Capitolist. The complaint specifically identifies Silagy’s personal in-
volvement in procuring and approving content.
C. NextEra’s Changed Outlook
After the dust settled, NextEra leadership appeared to
change course. On January 25, 2023, NextEra filed two Forms 8-K
with the SEC. Form 8-K is a “current report” which must be filedUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 19 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 19
within four business days of certain material adverse events.3 See
Sec. & Exch. Comm’n, Form 8-K, General Instruction (B)(1); see
also 15 U.S.C. § 78m(a); 17 C.F.R. § 240.13a-11. NextEra’s filing in-
formed the public of three major pieces of information.
4
First, NextEra disclosed that FPL had unexpectedly severed
ties with Silagy, and that he would be replaced as CEO by a for-
merly retired NextEra executive. Second, the company announced
new risks related to potential violations of law by FPL and NextEra.
While earlier SEC filings also touched on potential risks, the new
disclosure was more comprehensive and warned investors of “ma-
terial fines” and a potential “material adverse impact on the repu-
tation” of NextEra and FPL. It specifically referenced allegations of
election misconduct and the FEC complaint. Lastly, Silagy’s sever-
ance agreement was filed as an exhibit to one of the Forms 8-K.
Therein, Silagy agreed to a compensation claw-back in the event
that: (a) he was convicted of or pled guilty to a felony because of
actions related to his employment; (b) he admitted facts related to
his employment that would constitute a felony; or (c) any member
of the “Company Group” was convicted of a felony based on
3 For example, Item 5.02 of Form 8-K requires disclosure if any principal exec-
utive retires, resigns, or is terminated between reporting periods, and Item
1.05 requires the disclosure of material cybersecurity incidents. Sec. & Exch.
Comm’n, Form 8-K, Item 1.05(a), 5.02(b).
4 Each disclosure will be excerpted and discussed at greater length infra at Part
IV.A.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 20 of 38
20 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
actions he knowingly participated in while at FPL. NextEra later
stated that the claw-back provision was not “customary.”
Both Forms 8-K became public before the market opened on
January 25, 2023. By close-of-market, NextEra’s stock had tumbled
8.7 percent. It lost more than $14 billion in market capitalization in
one day. A few months later, the current action commenced. The
Retirement Funds claim they, along with a putative class of simi-
larly situated investors, suffered financial loss because of Appellees’
fraudulent misrepresentations. Appellees moved to dismiss the
complaint on two grounds: failure to adequately plead scienter and
failure to adequately plead loss causation. The District Court, with-
out reaching the issue of scienter, granted the motion to dismiss for
failure to plead loss causation. The Retirement Funds timely ap-
peal.
III. STANDARD OF REVIEW
We review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dis-
miss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Julmist v. Prime
Ins. Co., 92 F.4th 1008, 1016 (11th Cir. 2024). We accept all factual
allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light
most favorable to the non-movant. Id. However, we must parse
out legal assertions disguised as factual allegations. Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) After discarding these
conclusory statements, we must decide whether the well-pleaded
facts state a “plausible claim for relief,
” as opposed to one that is
merely “conceivable.” Id. at 679–80, 129 S. Ct. at 1950–51; Bell Atl.
Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1974 (2007). InUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 21 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 21
other words, the facts must allow us to “draw the reasonable infer-
ence that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949.
IV. DISCUSSION
Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act prohibits the use of any
manipulative device or contrivance in connection with the pur-
chase or sale of any security. 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). SEC Rule 10b-5,
promulgated thereunder, makes it unlawful “[t]o make any untrue
statement of material fact . . . in connection with the purchase or
sale of any security.” 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5(b). It also prohibits
omissions if the omitted facts are material and necessary to make
other statements not misleading. Id. The Private Securities Litiga-
tion Reform Act of 1995 (“PSLRA”) clarified and heightened the
requirements to demonstrate fraud in order to deter “those who
seek to line their own pockets by bringing abusive and meritless
suits.” H.R. Rep. No. 104–369, at 31 (1995) (Conf. Rep); Private Se-
curities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104–67, 109 Stat.
737 (1995) (codified as amended in scattered sections of 15 U.S.C.).
The Supreme Court has, over many years, distilled the re-
quirements of a claim brought under Rule 10b-5 and PSLRA. To
succeed, a plaintiff must prove “(1) a material misrepresentation or
omission by the defendant; (2) scienter; (3) a connection between
the misrepresentation or omission and the purchase or sale of a se-
curity; (4) reliance upon the misrepresentation or omission;[5] (5)
5 Complainants asserting a “fraud-on-the-market theory” are afforded a pre-
sumption of reliance. Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 247, 108 S. Ct. 978,USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 22 of 38
22 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
economic loss; and (6) loss causation.
” Halliburton Co. v. Erica P.
John Fund, Inc., 573 U.S. 258, 267, 134 S. Ct. 2398, 2407 (2014) (in-
ternal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Amgen Inc. v. Conn. Ret.
Plans and Tr. Funds, 568 U.S. 455, 460–461, 133 S. Ct. 1184, 1192
(2013)).
Here, the District Court dismissed the Retirement Fund’s
Rule 10b-5 claim for failure to adequately plead loss causation, so
we limit our discussion to that element. PSLRA requires a private
plaintiff to prove that the misrepresentation “caused the loss” for
which he seeks remuneration. 15 U.S.C. § 784u-4(b)(4). “[T]he
plaintiff must prove not only that a fraudulent misrepresentation
artificially inflated the security’s value but also that ‘the fraud-in-
duced inflation that was baked into the plaintiff’s purchase price
was subsequently removed from the stock’s price, thereby causing
losses to the plaintiff.’” Hubbard v. BankAtlantic Bancorp, Inc., 688
F.3d 713, 725 (11th Cir. 2012) (quoting FindWhat Inv. Grp. v.
FindWhat.com, 658 F.3d 1282, 1311 (11th Cir. 2011)).
Markets, creatures of human impulse, move in mysterious
ways, and a security’s decline in value will never be caused by a
singular factor. See Robbins v. Koger Properties, 116 F.3d 1441, 1447
(11th Cir. 1997) (explaining that “market responses, such as stock
991–92 (1988). This theory posits that public security prices (on which we all
rely) reflect public information in an efficient market, and that material mis-
statements will “taint the total mix of available public information,” thereby
causing an artificial and fraudulent inflation in price. FindWhat Inv. Grp. v.
FindWhat.com, 658 F.3d 1282, 1310 (11th Cir. 2011). Appellants here allege a
fraud on the market.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 23 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 23
downturns, are often the result of many different, complex, and
unknowable factors”). Therefore, a plaintiff “need not show that
the defendant’s act was the sole and exclusive cause of the injury
he has suffered; he need only show that it was substantial, i.e., a
significant contributing cause.” Id. (internal quotation marks omit-
ted) (quoting Bruschi v. Brown, 876 F.2d 1526, 1531 (11th Cir. 1989).
PSLRA and Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b) each apply
a heightened pleading standard to private securities fraud actions.
15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1), (2); Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). However, PSLRA
only requires particularized pleading with respect to the misleading
statement(s) and the defendant’s scienter. 15 U.S.C. § 78u-4(b)(1),
(2). And Rule 9(b) only applies to “the circumstances constituting
fraud or mistake.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). Accordingly, loss causation
need not be pleaded with particularity; we review for general com-
pliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a) as interpreted by
Twombly and Iqbal.
6 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) (stating that a complaint
must recite “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that
the pleader is entitled to relief”).
Applying general pleading standards, then, a plaintiff must
plausibly allege that a fraudulent statement inflated the security
price—and that this inflated price was later eroded in a way that
relates back to the fraud. Because we accept well-pleaded facts as
conclusive, “it should not prove burdensome for a plaintiff . . . to
6 It is not clear whether the District Court recognized this distinction. To the
extent it reviewed the complaint under a heightened pleading standard, it was
erroneous.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 24 of 38
24 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
provide a defendant with some indication of the loss and the causal
connection that the plaintiff has in mind.” Dura Pharms., Inc. v.
Broudo, 544 U.S. 336, 347, 125 S. Ct. 1627, 1634 (2005). And because
this element is limited to exploring a causal connection, we must
presume the earlier statements were fraudulent; whether fraud
was properly alleged is an important but separate inquiry. In
FindWhat, we explained that:
Plaintiffs frequently demonstrate loss causation . . . by
(1) identifying a “corrective disclosure” (a release of
information that reveals to the market the pertinent
truth that was previously concealed or obscured by
the company’s fraud); (2) showing that the stock price
dropped soon after the corrective disclosure; and (3)
eliminating other possible explanations for this price
drop. . . .
7
658 F.3d at 1311–12. We begin with corrective disclosures.
A. Corrective Disclosures
Fraudulent statements are designed to raise, rather than
lower market prices. In Dura, the Supreme Court recognized that
this alone creates no aggrieved investor: “Normally . . . an inflated
purchase price will not itself constitute or proximately cause the
relevant economic loss.” 544 U.S. at 342, 125 S. Ct. at 1631. “[I]f,
say the purchaser sells the shares quickly before the relevant truth
7 We have not held that this is the only way to demonstrate loss causation. But
because both parties argue within this analytical framework, we structure our
discussion accordingly.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 25 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 25
begins to leak out, the misrepresentation will not have led to any
loss.” Id. Fraud might be morally offensive, but it does not become
actionable to a private plaintiff until it causes economic harm.
8
Thus, a plaintiff must identify some new public information
that cast doubt on the earlier fraudulent statements and caused the
price to decline. See id. at 347, 125 S. Ct. at 1634 (holding the plain-
tiff’s claim was insufficient because it failed to “claim that Dura’s
share price fell significantly after the truth became known”). This
information must “share the same subject matter as the prior mis-
statement” so as to have a “corrective effect rather than merely a
negative effect.” FindWhat, 658 F.3d at 1311 n.28 (internal quota-
tion marks omitted) (quoting In re Initial Pub. Offering Sec. Litig., 399
F. Supp.2d 261, 266 (S.D.N.Y. 2005)).
The corrective statement must have been disseminated after
the plaintiff purchased the security but before he sold it. See Dura,
544 U.S. at 342, 125 S. Ct. at 1631; see also Meyer v. Greene, 710 F.3d
1189, 1198 (11th Cir. 2013) (explaining that the information must
have been “publicly revealed for the first time” after the plaintiff’s
purchase and after the alleged fraud). In other words, the plaintiff
must demonstrate the following chronology: (1) a material misrep-
resentation artificially inflated the security price;9 (2) the plaintiff
8 The SEC, on the other hand, is tasked with generally policing fraud on the
market and can bring claims without demonstrating any loss. See, e.g., SEC v.
Pirate Inv. LLC, 580 F.3d 233, 239 n.10 (4th Cir. 2009) (“Unlike private litigants,
the SEC need not prove the additional element of reliance or loss causation.”).
9 To be precise, it is also possible for a plaintiff to allege that a material misrep-
resentation artificially maintained a stock price rather than artificially raised it.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 26 of 38
26 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
purchased the security; (3) the truth came out; (4) the price declined;
and (5) the plaintiff either sold the security or continues to hold it
through litigation.
We now ask what it means for the truth to come out. To
preview, we hold that the proper inquiry is whether enough truth
has saturated the market to make investors second-guess the earlier
fraud.
“Corrective disclosure[s] can come from any source and take
any form from which the market can absorb [the information] and
react.” MacPhee v. MiMedx Grp., Inc., 73 F.4th 1220, 1242–43 (11th
Cir. 2023) (second alteration in original) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting FindWhat, 658 F.3d at 1311 n.28). Importantly,
“a plaintiff need not rely on a single, complete corrective disclo-
sure; rather, it is possible to show that the truth gradually leaked
out into the marketplace ‘through a series of partial disclosures.’”
Meyer, 710 F.3d at 1197 (quoting Lormand v. U.S. Unwired, Inc., 565
F.3d 228, 261 (5th Cir. 2009)); accord In re Williams Sec. litigation-
WCG Subclass, 558 F.3d 1130, 1137 (10th Cir. 2009) (“Dura did not
suggest that [one source] was the only or even the preferred
method of showing loss causation, though; it acknowledged that
the relevant truth can ‘leak out’
. . . .
” (quoting Dura, 544 U.S. at
342, 125 S. Ct. at 1631)).
“There is no reason to draw any legal distinction between fraudulent state-
ments that wrongfully prolong the presence of inflation in a stock price and
fraudulent statements that initially introduce that inflation.” FindWhat, 658
F.3d at 1316.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 27 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 27
Here, the District Court concluded that the Retirement
Funds “failed to identify a corrective disclosure that reveals a truth
that was previously concealed or obscured by [Appellees’] alleged
fraud.” (emphasis added). Its reasoning, though, misapprehends
how markets respond to information. The District Court improp-
erly searched for a singular corrective disclosure. This both contra-
venes our precedent and erroneously assumes markets cannot link
multiple pieces of information. Next, the District Court faulted the
corrective statements for not explicitly “mention[ing] any of the al-
leged misstatements upon which [the Retirement Funds] base their
claims of fraud.” Companies are not usually keen to draw attention
to their earlier fraud, but investors do not need handholding to con-
nect the dots. Last, and most importantly, the District Court sub-
stituted its own judgment about whether the corrective statements
related to the fraud, in lieu of well-pleaded facts that investors made
the connection. We conclude that the District Court erred. In our
view, the second amended complaint alleges facts that, when read
together, plausibly imply enough truth was illuminated to cause
investors to seriously question Appellees’ earlier misstatements.
As a logical matter, corrective disclosures can impact prices
whenever they erode the market’s trust in an earlier fraudulent
statement. Scattered or less dramatic revelations may indeed make
it more difficult for a plaintiff to rule out other explanations (e.g.,
market sentiment, poor financial performance, general specula-
tion) for the decline. See In re Williams Sec., 558 F.3d at 1137–38 (ex-
plaining that lost causation is easier to show with one major cor-
rective statement than with a gradual leakage). But requiring aUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 28 of 38
28 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
corrective disclosure to decisively and unequivocally debunk the
earlier fraud overstates the role of loss causation—especially at the
pleading stage.10 To demonstrate, we offer two hypotheticals.
First, imagine Widget Co. is a manufacturer of widgets. Its
CEO fraudulently announces that the company has secured a
multi-million-dollar distribution deal with Big Box Mart. Analysts
upgrade their valuation and investors bid up the price of Widget
Co.’s stock by thirty percent. Shortly thereafter, Widget Co.’s
board announces that its CEO was lying and terminates him for
cause. Widget Co.’s stock drops forty percent to erase the projected
distribution deal and account for the new legal exposure. Here, we
have a simple case of a singular, unequivocal corrective statement.
An aggrieved investor who purchased at the inflated value and held
the stock through the decline could easily plead loss causation.
Next, imagine the same set of facts but that, now, Widget
Co. does not outright admit to the fraud. Instead, its board states
that the CEO may have overstated the distribution agreement,
warns of possible adverse effects, fires the CEO, and retains the
right to claw back his compensation in the event the company, the
CEO, or another employee is convicted of fraud. Based on this new
evidence, the stock price drops twenty five percent. Demonstrating
10 At oral argument in Dura, Justice Breyer commented that the truth “might
come out in many different ways,” whether that is because an executive an-
nounces “I’m a liar” or whether it “sort of oozes out as earning reports come
in.” Transcript of Oral Argument at 38–39, Dura, 544 U.S. 336 (2005) (No. 03-
932); see Matthew L. Mustokoff & Margaret E. Mazzeo, Loss Causation on Trial
in Rule 10b-5 Litigation a Decade After Dura, 70 Rutgers U. L. Rev 175, 197 (2017).USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 29 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 29
loss causation here is more challenging. An investor has to show
that the information, when taken together, sowed enough doubt
in the CEO’s earlier statement so as to explain a substantial portion
the price drop. But to hold that the truth revealed must be irrefu-
table would deny a remedy where fraud truly was the proximate
cause of an economic injury. Our analysis must not be binary be-
cause markets operate on probabilities, not certainties.
Turning now to the facts, the second amended complaint
identifies three pieces of information that changed the market’s
perception about the alleged election fraud: (a) NextEra’s new risk
disclosures; (b) Silagy’s abrupt departure; and (c) Silagy’s fraud-trig-
gered claw-back provision. All three stem from the January 25,
2023, Form 8-K filings by NextEra, though some new details were
released a few days later. We address each in turn, and then exam-
ine their alleged cumulative effect on the investing public.
1. Risk Disclosure
The first piece of information the market received on Janu-
ary 25, 2023, was a substantive risk disclosure addressing possible
legal and reputational consequences stemming from FPL’s alleged
election scheme. The relevant excerpt from the Form 8-K provides:
Allegations of violations of law by FPL or NEE have
the potential to result in fines, penalties, or other
sanctions or effects, as well as cause reputational dam-
age for FPL and NEE, and could hamper FPL’s and
NEE’s effectiveness in interacting with governmental
authorities.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 30 of 38
30 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
FPL’s and NEE’s business and reputation could be ad-
versely affected by allegations that FPL or NEE has
violated laws, by any investigations or proceedings
that arise from such allegations, or by ultimate deter-
minations of legal violations. For example, media ar-
ticles have been published that allege, among other
things, Florida state and federal campaign finance law
violations by FPL. . . . FPL and NEE cannot guarantee
that the FEC complaint process will not ultimately re-
sult in a finding that FPL or NEE violated federal cam-
paign finance or other laws, that applicable federal or
state governmental authorities may not investigate or
take enforcement actions with respect to the allega-
tions or assert that legal violations by FPL or NEE
have occurred, or that violations may not ultimately
be found by a court of competent jurisdiction or other
authorities to have occurred.
In addition, notwithstanding the completion or pen-
dency of any internal review or investigation by FPL
or NEE of any allegations of legal violations, includ-
ing of the allegations regarding campaign finance
laws set forth in the media articles or FEC complaint,
FPL and NEE cannot provide assurance that any of
the foregoing will not result in the imposition of ma-
terial fines, penalties, or otherwise result in other
sanctions or effects on FPL or NEE, or will not have
a material adverse impact on the reputation of NEE
or FPL or on the effectiveness of their interactions
with governmental regulators or other authorities.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 31 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 31
This disclosure is no admission of wrongdoing; NextEra
would be foolish to stipulate to fraud. But it is a notably different
tune than Robo’s earlier statement that there was “no basis to any
of [the] allegations.” The District Court, though, found this unper-
suasive. It noted that the disclosure did not directly mention FPL’s
earlier denial and that it did not independently “reveal that any of
the prior statements were false or fraudulent.” As we have dis-
cussed, this was not the proper inquiry. The District Court also ex-
plained that the Form 8-K discussed a “potential future risk” but not
a correction of an earlier statement. This is a creative reading but
not a persuasive one. Acknowledging that past misconduct may
give cause to future liability, of course, necessarily reveals some-
thing about the earlier misconduct.
Finally, the District Court held that this disclosure did not
provide any new information to investors because NextEra had
previously issued a risk disclosure on the same topic. Without over-
analyzing the textual Venn diagram, it is sufficient to state that the
new disclosure was broader and more comprehensive. Its timing,
too, sent a signal to the market. Whereas the earlier disclosure
came in a regularly scheduled Form 10-Q (quarterly report), the
January 25, 2023, disclosure was issued on an unexpected Form 8-
K in connection with Silagy’s exit. As discussed, Form 8-K is re-
quired only for “major events that shareholders should know
about.” Hubbard, 688 F.3d at 718 n.7 (internal quotation marks
omitted). If NextEra were merely reciting its earlier disclosure, it
would have no reason to include it in this Form 8-K.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 32 of 38
32 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
2. Silagy’s Retirement
The second piece of information revealed in the special SEC
filing was FPL’s separation from Silagy. Specifically, NextEra an-
nounced that Silagy would no longer serve as FPL’s CEO as of Feb-
ruary 15, 2023, and that he would retire effective May 15, 2023. The
company said it would replace him with a former NextEra execu-
tive who had previously retired in 2019.
The District Court suggests that this was not a surprise, and
in fact,
“Silagy announced that he had previously planned to retire
after 20 years at FPL.” Even if Silagy did ex post state that his retire-
ment had always been planned, we should not assume investors
would believe him. On the January 25, 2023, call with investors,
Silagy tried to emphasize other reasons for his departure, citing “[a]
number of distractions, including 2 hurricanes and significant sup-
ply chain and inflationary pressures, to name just a few.” And at
least one investment analyst reported “investors weren’t buying”
it.
3. Silagy’s Severance Claw-back
The final piece of relevant news released on January 25 was
a copy of Silagy’s severance agreement, which was filed as an ex-
hibit to the Form 8-K announcing his departure. Provision 5.3 of
the agreement, according to the complaint, raised a red flag to in-
vestors. The provision requires Silagy to disgorge and repay his
severance under the following circumstances:
(i) your conviction of a felony in violation of state or
federal laws, or your plea of guilty or nolo contendereUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 33 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 33
to any such felony, in each case based on any actions
or omissions in which you engaged during your em-
ployment with the Company Group or for which you
were responsible during your employment; (ii) your
admission to facts that would constitute a felony in
violation of state or federal laws in connection with a
deferred prosecution agreement, non-prosecution
agreement, or other similar agreement based on any
actions or omissions, during your tenure as President
and Chief Executive Officer of FPL; or (iii) the convic-
tion of a felony in violation of state or federal laws, or
the admission to facts that would constitute a felony
in violation of state or federal laws in connection with
a deferred prosecution agreement, non-prosecution
agreement, or other similar agreement, by any mem-
ber of the Company Group that is an entity (i.e., ex-
cluding employees that are deemed to be affiliates)
based on any actions or omissions, during your ten-
ure as President and Chief Executive Officer of FPL,
(x) in which you participated, (y) of which you had
actual knowledge, or (z) of which you recklessly or
willfully failed to have actual knowledge.
The Retirement funds allege that NextEra executives later
disclosed to Bank of America analysts that the claw-back was not
“customary.” They also allege that FPL’s publicly filed executive
compensation policies do not describe any similar claw-back provi-
sion. A January 31, 2023, article from the Florida Times-Union re-
ported this insight and suggested that the provision tacitly
acknowledged the link between Silagy’s departure and the political
misconduct allegations. When this article hit the market, NextEra’sUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 34 of 38
34 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
stock lost an additional $850 million in market capitalization. The
complaint describes the claw-back provision as a “foreseeable ma-
terialization of concealed risk.”
4. Cumulative Effect
To properly examine the relationship between corrective
disclosures and the earlier fraud, we must consider the proffered
statements in toto. See Pub. Emps. Ret. Sys. of Miss., P. R. Tchrs. Ret.
Sys. v. Amedisys, Inc., 769 F.3d 313, 324 (5th Cir. 2014) (explaining
that “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” and rejecting
“an overly rigid rule” that each corrective disclosure must lead to a
“discovery of actual fraud”). Here, the complaint recites an abun-
dance of statements by financial analysts who linked the full Janu-
ary 25, 2023, update with NextEra’s political scandal. Several out-
lets downgraded their rating of NEE stock, specifically citing con-
cerns over legal, regulatory, and reputational damage from the
campaign allegations.
As a sample, the complaint identifies the following reports
released shortly after the Form 8-K filings:
• Credit Suisse wrote that financial metrics were “in-line with
expectations” but that a “sequence[] of disclosures on FL
campaign finance law allegations, the announced retire-
ment of FPL CEO Eric Silagy and new risk disclosures
around the event” had “overshadow[ed]” the financial up-
date.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 35 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 35
• Wolfe Research wrote that “investors weren’t buying” Nex-
tEra’s explanation that Silagy’s departure was unrelated to
the election misconduct allegations. The article suggested
that the resignation seemed rushed and not planned in ad-
vance.
• Evercore ISI reported the following: “Based on our conver-
sations with investors, it appears they have some concerns
about the timing of Silagy’s retirement given the campaign
finance allegations against FPL . . . .”
• Bank of America announced that it was downgrading Nex-
tEra’s stock because Silagy “resigned unexpectedly in the
middle of an ongoing [FEC] complaint against FPL which
management expects to persist until late 2023.”
• Seeking Alpha quoted an analyst explaining that the earnings
news was not a sufficient “offset to dampen the blow of neg-
ative news” from the “Florida developments.”
• RBC Capital Markets wrote that despite “solid numbers,”
NextEra’s stock was expected to be under pressure because
of the firm’s warning that “these allegations could have a
material impact on the company” and because of Silagy’s
resignation “which does not help optics.”
• Bloomberg reported that the “political activity news likely
sparked [NextEra’s] share drop.” It quoted an analyst who
stated the drop was “driven substantially by the unexpectedUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 36 of 38
36 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
management change and the update they gave on their re-
view into political activity.”
The District Court’s opinion does not mention any of these
reports. But they are integral to the analysis, helping to plead loss
causation in at least two ways. First, they show that those with fi-
nancial acumen made the connection at the heart of the loss causa-
tion inquiry. Second, as they came from prominent financial out-
lets, they may have influenced the market’s reaction to the state-
ments and helped less savvy investors see the connection to the
earlier fraud. Where a court is presented with well-pleaded facts
that the investing public related the corrective disclosure to the ear-
lier misinformation, it is improper for such court to substitute its
own opinion on the matter. At the pleading stage, non-conclusory
statements must be accepted as fact. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.
Ct. at 1950.
B. Stock Price Drop
Next, the price of the security must fall in order for a plaintiff
to claim he was injured by a misrepresentation. See MacPhee, 73
F.4th at 1242. Here, the Retirement Funds properly alleged a price
drop. On January 25, 2023, NEE shares fell 8.7 percent. The Retire-
ment Funds claim that this was the worst single-day loss in twenty-
five years that was not attributable to the 2008 financial crisis or the
Covid-19 pandemic. They also properly allege that they purchased
shares after the fraudulent statements were made but prior to the
identified crash.
C. Eliminating Other ExplanationsUSCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 37 of 38
24-13372 Opinion of the Court 37
Once we find corrective disclosures that the market related
back to the fraud and a contemporaneous price decline, it is still
possible that the decline was caused primarily by other factors. Ac-
cordingly, our caselaw dictates that a plaintiff must show that the
pertinent fraud was a “significant contributing cause.” Bruschi, 876
F.2d at 1531 (quoting Wilson v. Comtech Telecomms. Corp., 648 F.2d
88, 92 (2d Cir. 1981)). “This intermediate approach balances our
twin concerns of compensating investors who have suffered loss as
a result of a fraudulent misrepresentation, while at the same time
preventing 10b-5 from becoming a system of investor insurance . .
. .” Robbins, 116 F.3d at 1147. At the pleading stage, a plaintiff must
adequately rule out other explanations so as to give rise to the in-
ference that the fraud was a significant contributing factor to the
price decline.
Here, the complaint does just that. It alleges that the drop
was one of the “five worst single-day drops in the Company’s share
price in 25 years” and was the worst in the last twenty-five years
that did not “coincide[] with a market-wide shock.
” By contrast, the
complaint alleges that the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 0.02
percent that same day. More, the complaint alleges that NextEra
contemporaneously released financial news that the market re-
garded as a positive update. These claims plausibly suggest that the
major market activity on January 25, 2023, was driven by the up-
dated risks presented in the Forms 8-K. And, as discussed, a litany
of market analysts connected the new disclosure to both the earlier
fraud and the price drop.USCA11 Case: 24-13372 Document: 51-1 Date Filed: 11/26/2025 Page: 38 of 38
38 Opinion of the Court 24-13372
* * *
We close our discussion with a point of emphasis. Whatever
may be the disposition of loss causation, a plaintiff still must show
material fraud to recover under Rule 10b-5. And that fraud must be
pled with particularity to survive a motion to dismiss. 15 U.S.C. §
78u-4(b)(1), (2); Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b). Companies do not subject
themselves to liability simply by acknowledging in a mandatory
disclosure that they may be subject to future legal liability. Indeed,
they would be subject to liability if they did not disclose such mate-
rial risks. See, e.g., 17 C.F.R. § 229.105; Jaroslawicz v. M&T Bank
Corp., 962 F.3d 701, 717 (3d Cir. 2020) (holding that plaintiffs plau-
sibly alleged defendant’s failure to disclose material legal risks asso-
ciated with a merger violated Item 105 of Regulation S-K). Loss
causation, though, is not the element to litigate the fraud. It simply
asks whether the loss was proximately caused by the alleged mis-
statements. In other words, whether the price dropped for the rea-
son the plaintiff claimed it dropped. Here, we hold that the Retire-
ment Funds have identified adequate corrective disclosures, a sub-
sequent price drop, and have plausibly ruled out other explana-
tions.
V. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the District
Court’s grant of the motion to dismiss and REMAND for further
proceedings consistent with this op
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